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diff --git a/manual/libc.texinfo b/manual/libc.texinfo index 1e92d52456..0beec66fd6 100644 --- a/manual/libc.texinfo +++ b/manual/libc.texinfo @@ -109,896 +109,8 @@ This is Edition @value{EDITION}, last updated @value{UPDATED}, of of the GNU C Library. @end ifinfo - -@menu -* Introduction:: Purpose of the GNU C Library. -* Error Reporting:: How the GNU Library functions report - error conditions. -* Memory Allocation:: Your program can allocate memory dynamically - and manipulate it via pointers. -* Character Handling:: Character testing and conversion functions. -* String and Array Utilities:: Utilities for copying and comparing - strings and arrays. -* Extended Characters:: Support for extended character sets. -* Locales:: The country and language can affect - the behavior of library functions. -* Message Translation:: How to make the program speak the users - language. -* Searching and Sorting:: General searching and sorting functions. -* Pattern Matching:: Matching wildcards and regular expressions, - and shell-style ``word expansion''. -* I/O Overview:: Introduction to the I/O facilities. -* Streams: I/O on Streams. High-level, portable I/O facilities. -* Low-Level I/O:: Low-level, less portable I/O. -* File System Interface:: Functions for manipulating files. -* Pipes and FIFOs:: A simple interprocess communication mechanism. -* Sockets:: A more complicated interprocess communication - mechanism, with support for networking. -* Low-Level Terminal Interface::How to change the characteristics - of a terminal device. -* Mathematics:: Math functions (transcendental functions, - random numbers, absolute value, etc.). -* Arithmetic:: Low-level arithmetic functions. -* Date and Time:: Functions for getting the date and time, - and for conversion between formats. -* Non-Local Exits:: The @code{setjmp} and @code{longjmp} facilities. -* Signal Handling:: All about signals; how to send them, - block them, and handle them. -* Process Startup:: Writing the beginning and end of your program. -* Processes:: How to create processes and run other programs. -* Job Control:: All about process groups and sessions. -* Name Service Switch:: Accessing the various system databases. -* Users and Groups:: How users are identified and classified. -* System Information:: Getting information about the - hardware and software configuration - of the machine a program runs on. -* System Configuration:: Parameters describing operating system limits. - -Appendices - -* Language Features:: C language features provided by the library. - -* Library Summary:: A summary showing the syntax, header file, - and derivation of each library feature. -* Installation:: How to install the GNU C library. -* Maintenance:: How to enhance and port the GNU C Library. -* Contributors:: Who wrote what parts of the GNU C Library. -* Copying:: The GNU Library General Public License says - how you can copy and share the GNU C Library. - -Indices - -* Concept Index:: Index of concepts and names. -* Type Index:: Index of types and type qualifiers. -* Function Index:: Index of functions and function-like macros. -* Variable Index:: Index of variables and variable-like macros. -* File Index:: Index of programs and files. - - --- The Detailed Node Listing --- - -Introduction - -* Getting Started:: Getting Started -* Standards and Portability:: Standards and Portability -* Using the Library:: Using the Library -* Roadmap to the Manual:: Roadmap to the Manual - -Standards and Portability - -* ISO C:: The American National Standard for the - C programming language. -* POSIX:: The ISO/IEC 9945 (aka IEEE 1003) standards - for operating systems. -* Berkeley Unix:: BSD and SunOS. -* SVID:: The System V Interface Description. - -Using the Library - -* Header Files:: How to use the header files in your programs. -* Macro Definitions:: Some functions in the library may really - be implemented as macros. -* Reserved Names:: The C standard reserves some names for - the library, and some for users. -* Feature Test Macros:: How to control what names are defined. - -Error Reporting - -* Checking for Errors:: How errors are reported by library functions. -* Error Codes:: What all the error codes are. -* Error Messages:: Mapping error codes onto error messages. - -Memory Allocation - -* Memory Concepts:: An introduction to concepts and terminology. -* Dynamic Allocation and C:: How to get different kinds of allocation in C. -* Unconstrained Allocation:: The @code{malloc} facility allows fully general - dynamic allocation. -* Obstacks:: Obstacks are less general than malloc - but more efficient and convenient. -* Variable Size Automatic:: Allocation of variable-sized blocks - of automatic storage that are freed when the - calling function returns. -* Relocating Allocator:: Waste less memory, if you can tolerate - automatic relocation of the blocks you get. - -Unconstrained Allocation - -* Basic Allocation:: Simple use of @code{malloc}. -* Malloc Examples:: Examples of @code{malloc}. @code{xmalloc}. -* Freeing after Malloc:: Use @code{free} to free a block you - got with @code{malloc}. -* Changing Block Size:: Use @code{realloc} to make a block - bigger or smaller. -* Allocating Cleared Space:: Use @code{calloc} to allocate a - block and clear it. -* Efficiency and Malloc:: Efficiency considerations in use of - these functions. -* Aligned Memory Blocks:: Allocating specially aligned memory: - @code{memalign} and @code{valloc}. -* Heap Consistency Checking:: Automatic checking for errors. -* Hooks for Malloc:: You can use these hooks for debugging - programs that use @code{malloc}. -* Statistics of Malloc:: Getting information about how much - memory your program is using. -* Summary of Malloc:: Summary of @code{malloc} and related functions. - -Obstacks - -* Creating Obstacks:: How to declare an obstack in your program. -* Preparing for Obstacks:: Preparations needed before you can - use obstacks. -* Allocation in an Obstack:: Allocating objects in an obstack. -* Freeing Obstack Objects:: Freeing objects in an obstack. -* Obstack Functions:: The obstack functions are both - functions and macros. -* Growing Objects:: Making an object bigger by stages. -* Extra Fast Growing:: Extra-high-efficiency (though more - complicated) growing objects. -* Status of an Obstack:: Inquiries about the status of an obstack. -* Obstacks Data Alignment:: Controlling alignment of objects in obstacks. -* Obstack Chunks:: How obstacks obtain and release chunks. - Efficiency considerations. -* Summary of Obstacks:: - -Automatic Storage with Variable Size - -* Alloca Example:: Example of using @code{alloca}. -* Advantages of Alloca:: Reasons to use @code{alloca}. -* Disadvantages of Alloca:: Reasons to avoid @code{alloca}. -* GNU C Variable-Size Arrays:: Only in GNU C, here is an alternative - method of allocating dynamically and - freeing automatically. -Relocating Allocator - -* Relocator Concepts:: How to understand relocating allocation. -* Using Relocator:: Functions for relocating allocation. - -Character Handling - -* Classification of Characters::Testing whether characters are - letters, digits, punctuation, etc. -* Case Conversion:: Case mapping, and the like. - -String and Array Utilities - -* Representation of Strings:: Introduction to basic concepts. -* String/Array Conventions:: Whether to use a string function or an - arbitrary array function. -* String Length:: Determining the length of a string. -* Copying and Concatenation:: Functions to copy the contents of strings - and arrays. -* String/Array Comparison:: Functions for byte-wise and character-wise - comparison. -* Collation Functions:: Functions for collating strings. -* Search Functions:: Searching for a specific element or substring. -* Finding Tokens in a String:: Splitting a string into tokens by looking - for delimiters. - -Extended Characters - -* Extended Char Intro:: Multibyte codes versus wide characters. -* Locales and Extended Chars:: The locale selects the character codes. -* Multibyte Char Intro:: How multibyte codes are represented. -* Wide Char Intro:: How wide characters are represented. -* Wide String Conversion:: Converting wide strings to multibyte code - and vice versa. -* Length of Char:: how many bytes make up one multibyte char. -* Converting One Char:: Converting a string character by character. -* Example of Conversion:: Example showing why converting - one character at a time may be useful. -* Shift State:: Multibyte codes with "shift characters". - -Locales and Internationalization - -* Effects of Locale:: Actions affected by the choice of locale. -* Choosing Locale:: How the user specifies a locale. -* Locale Categories:: Different purposes for which - you can select a locale. -* Setting the Locale:: How a program specifies the locale. -* Standard Locales:: Locale names available on all systems. -* Numeric Formatting:: How to format numbers for the chosen locale. - -Message Translation - -* Message catalogs a la X/Open:: The @code{catgets} family of functions. -* The Uniforum approach:: The @code{gettext} family of functions. - -Searching and Sorting - -* Comparison Functions:: Defining how to compare two objects. - Since the sort and search facilities are - general, you have to specify the ordering. -* Array Search Function:: The @code{bsearch} function. -* Array Sort Function:: The @code{qsort} function. -* Search/Sort Example:: An example program. - -Pattern Matching - -* Wildcard Matching:: Matching a wildcard pattern against a single string. -* Globbing:: Finding the files that match a wildcard pattern. -* Regular Expressions:: Matching regular expressions against strings. -* Word Expansion:: Expanding shell variables, nested commands, - arithmetic, and wildcards. - This is what the shell does with shell commands. - -I/O Overview - -* I/O Concepts:: Some basic information and terminology. -* File Names:: How to refer to a file. - -I/O Concepts - -* Streams and File Descriptors:: The GNU Library provides two ways - to access the contents of files. -* File Position:: The number of bytes from the - beginning of the file. - -File Names - -* Directories:: Directories contain entries for files. -* File Name Resolution:: A file name specifies how to look up a file. -* File Name Errors:: Error conditions relating to file names. -* File Name Portability:: File name portability and syntax issues. - -I/O on Streams - -* Streams:: About the data type representing a stream. -* Standard Streams:: Streams to the standard input and output - devices are created for you. -* Opening Streams:: How to create a stream to talk to a file. -* Closing Streams:: Close a stream when you are finished with it. -* Simple Output:: Unformatted output by characters and lines. -* Character Input:: Unformatted input by characters and words. -* Line Input:: Reading a line or a record from a stream. -* Unreading:: Peeking ahead/pushing back input just read. -* Formatted Output:: @code{printf} and related functions. -* Customizing Printf:: You can define new conversion specifiers for - @code{printf} and friends. -* Formatted Input:: @code{scanf} and related functions. -* Block Input/Output:: Input and output operations on blocks of data. -* EOF and Errors:: How you can tell if an I/O error happens. -* Binary Streams:: Some systems distinguish between text files - and binary files. -* File Positioning:: About random-access streams. -* Portable Positioning:: Random access on peculiar ISO C systems. -* Stream Buffering:: How to control buffering of streams. -* Temporary Files:: How to open a temporary file. -* Other Kinds of Streams:: Other Kinds of Streams - -Unreading - -* Unreading Idea:: An explanation of unreading with pictures. -* How Unread:: How to call @code{ungetc} to do unreading. - -Formatted Output - -* Formatted Output Basics:: Some examples to get you started. -* Output Conversion Syntax:: General syntax of conversion specifications. -* Table of Output Conversions:: Summary of output conversions, what they do. -* Integer Conversions:: Details of formatting integers. -* Floating-Point Conversions:: Details of formatting floating-point numbers. -* Other Output Conversions:: Details about formatting of strings, - characters, pointers, and the like. -* Formatted Output Functions:: Descriptions of the actual functions. -* Variable Arguments Output:: @code{vprintf} and friends. -* Parsing a Template String:: What kinds of arguments does - a given template call for? - -Customizing Printf - -* Registering New Conversions:: -* Conversion Specifier Options:: -* Defining the Output Handler:: -* Printf Extension Example:: - -Formatted Input - -* Formatted Input Basics:: Some basics to get you started. -* Input Conversion Syntax:: Syntax of conversion specifications. -* Table of Input Conversions:: Summary of input conversions and what they do. -* Numeric Input Conversions:: Details of conversions for reading numbers. -* String Input Conversions:: Details of conversions for reading strings. -* Other Input Conversions:: Details of miscellaneous other conversions. -* Formatted Input Functions:: Descriptions of the actual functions. -* Variable Arguments Input:: @code{vscanf} and friends. - -Stream Buffering - -* Buffering Concepts:: Terminology is defined here. -* Flushing Buffers:: How to ensure that output buffers are flushed. -* Controlling Buffering:: How to specify what kind of buffering to use. - -Other Kinds of Streams - -* String Streams:: -* Custom Streams:: - -Programming Your Own Custom Streams - -* Streams and Cookies:: -* Hook Functions:: - -Low-Level I/O - -* Opening and Closing Files:: How to open and close file descriptors. -* I/O Primitives:: Reading and writing data. -* File Position Primitive:: Setting a descriptor's file position. -* Descriptors and Streams:: Converting descriptor to stream or vice-versa. -* Stream/Descriptor Precautions:: Precautions needed if you use both - descriptors and streams. -* Waiting for I/O:: How to check for input or output - on multiple file descriptors. -* Control Operations:: Various other operations on file descriptors. -* Duplicating Descriptors:: Fcntl commands for duplicating descriptors. -* Descriptor Flags:: Fcntl commands for manipulating flags - associated with file descriptors. -* File Status Flags:: Fcntl commands for manipulating flags - associated with open files. -* File Locks:: Fcntl commands for implementing file locking. -* Interrupt Input:: Getting a signal when input arrives. - -File System Interface - -* Working Directory:: This is used to resolve relative file names. -* Accessing Directories:: Finding out what files a directory contains. -* Hard Links:: Adding alternate names to a file. -* Symbolic Links:: A file that ``points to'' a file name. -* Deleting Files:: How to delete a file, and what that means. -* Renaming Files:: Changing a file's name. -* Creating Directories:: A system call just for creating a directory. -* File Attributes:: Attributes of individual files. -* Making Special Files:: How to create special files. - -Accessing Directories - -* Directory Entries:: Format of one directory entry. -* Opening a Directory:: How to open a directory stream. -* Reading/Closing Directory:: How to read directory entries from the stream. -* Simple Directory Lister:: A very simple directory listing program. -* Random Access Directory:: Rereading part of the directory - already read with the same stream. - -File Attributes - -* Attribute Meanings:: The names of the file attributes, - and what their values mean. -* Reading Attributes:: How to read the attributes of a file. -* Testing File Type:: Distinguishing ordinary files, - directories, links... -* File Owner:: How ownership for new files is determined, - and how to change it. -* Permission Bits:: How information about a file's access mode - is stored. -* Access Permission:: How the system decides who can access a file. -* Setting Permissions:: How permissions for new files are assigned, - and how to change them. -* Testing File Access:: How to find out if your process can - access a file. -* File Times:: About the time attributes of a file. - -Pipes and FIFOs - -* Creating a Pipe:: Making a pipe with the @code{pipe} function. -* Pipe to a Subprocess:: Using a pipe to communicate with a child. -* FIFO Special Files:: Making a FIFO special file. - -Sockets - -* Socket Concepts:: Basic concepts you need to know about. -* Communication Styles:: Stream communication, datagrams, and others. -* Socket Addresses:: How socket names (``addresses'') work. -* Local Namespace:: Details about the local namespace. -* Internet Namespace:: Details about the Internet namespace. -* Open/Close Sockets:: Creating sockets and destroying them. -* Connections:: Operations on sockets with connection state. -* Datagrams:: Operations on datagram sockets. -* Socket Options:: Miscellaneous low-level socket options. -* Networks Database:: Accessing the database of network names. - -Socket Addresses - -* Address Formats:: About @code{struct sockaddr}. -* Setting Address:: Binding an address to a socket. -* Reading Address:: Reading the address of a socket. - -Internet Domain - -* Internet Address Formats:: How socket addresses are specified in the - Internet namespace. -* Host Addresses:: All about host addresses of Internet hosts. -* Protocols Database:: Referring to protocols by name. -* Services Database:: Ports may have symbolic names. -* Byte Order:: Different hosts may use different byte - ordering conventions; you need to - canonicalize host address and port number. -* Inet Example:: Putting it all together. - -Host Addresses - -* Abstract Host Addresses:: What a host number consists of. -* Data type: Host Address Data Type. Data type for a host number. -* Functions: Host Address Functions. Functions to operate on them. -* Names: Host Names. Translating host names to host numbers. - -Open/Close Sockets - -* Creating a Socket:: How to open a socket. -* Closing a Socket:: How to close a socket. -* Socket Pairs:: These are created like pipes. - -Connections - -* Connecting:: What the client program must do. -* Listening:: How a server program waits for requests. -* Accepting Connections:: What the server does when it gets a request. -* Who is Connected:: Getting the address of the - other side of a connection. -* Transferring Data:: How to send and receive data. -* Byte Stream Example:: An example client for communicating over a - byte stream socket in the Internet namespace. -* Server Example:: A corresponding server program. -* Out-of-Band Data:: This is an advanced feature. - -Transferring Data - -* Sending Data:: Sending data with @code{write}. -* Receiving Data:: Reading data with @code{read}. -* Socket Data Options:: Using @code{send} and @code{recv}. - -Datagrams - -* Sending Datagrams:: Sending packets on a datagram socket. -* Receiving Datagrams:: Receiving packets on a datagram socket. -* Datagram Example:: An example program: packets sent over a - datagram stream in the local namespace. -* Example Receiver:: Another program, that receives those packets. - -Socket Options - -* Socket Option Functions:: The basic functions for setting and getting - socket options. -* Socket-Level Options:: Details of the options at the socket level. - -Low-Level Terminal Interface - -* Is It a Terminal:: How to determine if a file is a terminal - device, and what its name is. -* I/O Queues:: About flow control and typeahead. -* Canonical or Not:: Two basic styles of input processing. -* Terminal Modes:: How to examine and modify flags controlling - terminal I/O: echoing, signals, editing. -* Line Control:: Sending break sequences, clearing buffers... -* Noncanon Example:: How to read single characters without echo. - -Terminal Modes - -* Mode Data Types:: The data type @code{struct termios} and related types. -* Mode Functions:: Functions to read and set terminal attributes. -* Setting Modes:: The right way to set attributes reliably. -* Input Modes:: Flags controlling low-level input handling. -* Output Modes:: Flags controlling low-level output handling. -* Control Modes:: Flags controlling serial port behavior. -* Local Modes:: Flags controlling high-level input handling. -* Line Speed:: How to read and set the terminal line speed. -* Special Characters:: Characters that have special effects, - and how to change them. -* Noncanonical Input:: Controlling how long to wait for input. - -Special Characters - -* Editing Characters:: -* Signal Characters:: -* Start/Stop Characters:: - -Mathematics - -* Domain and Range Errors:: How overflow conditions and the - like are reported. -* Not a Number:: Making NANs and testing for NANs. -* Trig Functions:: Sine, cosine, and tangent. -* Inverse Trig Functions:: Arc sine, arc cosine, and arc tangent. -* Exponents and Logarithms:: Also includes square root. -* Hyperbolic Functions:: Hyperbolic sine and friends. -* Pseudo-Random Numbers:: Functions for generating pseudo-random numbers. -* Absolute Value:: Absolute value functions. - -Pseudo-Random Numbers - -* ISO Random:: @code{rand} and friends. -* BSD Random:: @code{random} and friends. - -Low-Level Arithmetic Functions - -* Normalization Functions:: Hacks for radix-2 representations. -* Rounding and Remainders:: Determining the integer and - fractional parts of a float. -* Integer Division:: Functions for performing integer division. -* Parsing of Numbers:: Functions for ``reading'' numbers from strings. -* Predicates on Floats:: Some miscellaneous test functions. - -Parsing of Numbers - -* Parsing of Integers:: Functions for conversion of integer values. -* Parsing of Floats:: Functions for conversion of floating-point. - -Date and Time - -* Processor Time:: Measures processor time used by a program. -* Calendar Time:: Manipulation of ``real'' dates and times. -* Setting an Alarm:: Sending a signal after a specified time. -* Sleeping:: Waiting for a period of time. - -Processor Time - -* Basic CPU Time:: The @code{clock} function. -* Detailed CPU Time:: The @code{times} function. - -Calendar Time - -* Simple Calendar Time:: Facilities for manipulating calendar time. -* High-Resolution Calendar:: A time representation with greater precision. -* Broken-down Time:: Facilities for manipulating local time. -* Formatting Date and Time:: Converting times to strings. -* TZ Variable:: How users specify the time zone. -* Time Zone Functions:: Functions to examine or specify the time zone. -* Time Functions Example:: An example program showing use of some of - the time functions. - -Signal Handling - -* Concepts of Signals:: Introduction to the signal facilities. -* |